A proton is a positive particle that makes up the atom in the nucleus with a positive charge
The abundance of elements in the universe and on earth is a measure of how much in terms of mass or percentage of that element is naturally occurring. Some elements in the universe such as hydrogen and helium, very basic elements make up large amounts of matter in the universe. Where as rare elements like francium and caesium are much less abundant and rare.
Atomic structure is the positively charged nucleus and the negatively charged electrons circling around it, within an atom.
The atomic number of the elements provides information on the number of protons in the nucleus.
Atomic mass refers to the mass of both the protons and neutrons and is always the larger of the two represented in the periodic table.
Isotopes are elements with different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus but the same number of protons.
Ions are atoms or groups of atoms that have either lost or gained electrons so they have a positive or negative charge.
Some elements have to be made in the lab as they cannot exist in the natural world like most elements. These elements sometimes require special conditions and equipment to force them to decay or force two different nuclei together.
Electrons exist in shells around the nucleus and have different configurations and layouts based on the element in the periodic table. Electrons are also very important in bonding.
Alchemy is a term used to describe the historical study of elements and matter with the goal of creating an elixir for immortality or trying to change metals into more precious metals.
Alchemy whilst being the study of such wild theories as the transmutation of metals and prolonging of life also had many useful origins of chemistry today from drug design to experimental techniques we still use in the lab today.
Atoms make up all matter around us, they are the smallest part of all things. Atoms in the periodic table all have different numbers of protons and are known as elements and they can be combined to make compounds and molecules
The nuclear charge of an atom is the measure of the effect of attraction between the protons in the nucleus and the outer electron
Shielding is the effect of the inner shells of electrons on weakening the attraction between the protons in the nucleus and the outer electron.
Ionisation energy is a measure of the amount of energy required to remove an outer electron from an atom creating a positively charged ion.
The atomic radius is a measure of the distance from the nucleus to the valence electron.
Nuclear charge is a measure of the effect of the number of protons in the nucleus and their ability to attract the negative electrons in orbits around the nucleus.
Ionic radius can be defined as the size of the radius of an ion from the nucleus to the valence electron. The ionic radius is difficult to measure due to the overlap of ions in a lattice structure.
Electron affinity is a measure of the energy released when an electron is added to an atom to create a negatively charged ion.
Electronegativity is a measure of the ability of an atom to attract electrons towards it in a covalent bond
